History of Pablo Picasso and his Art Essay - 1423 Words

History of Pablo Picasso and his Art Pablo Picasso was a Spanish painter and sculptor, generally considered the greatest artist of the 20th century. He was unique as an inventor of forms, as an innovator of styles and techniques, as a master of various media, and as one of the most prolific artists in history. He created more than 20,000 works. Picassos genius manifested itself early: at the age of 10 he made his first paintings, and at 15 he performed brilliantly on the entrance examinations to Barcelonas School of Fine Arts. Family life. Born in Mà ¡laga on October 25, 1881, Picasso was the son of Josà © Ruiz Blasco, an art teacher, and Marà ­a Picasso y Lopez. Until 1898 he always used his fathers name, Ruiz, and his mothers maiden†¦show more content†¦Protocubism. In the summer of 1906, during Picassos stay in Gosol, Spain, his work entered a new phase, marked by the influence of Greek, Iberian, and African art. His celebrated portrait of Gertrude Stein reveals a masklike treatment of her face. The key work of this early period, however, is Les demoiselles dAvignon, so radical in style?its picture surface resembling fractured glass?that it was not even understood by contemporary avant-garde painters and critics. Destroyed were spatial depth and the ideal form of the female nude, which Picasso restructured into harsh, angular planes. Cubism?Analytic and Synthetic Inspired by the volumetric treatment of form by the French postimpressionist artist Paul Cezanne, Picasso and the French artist Georges Braque painted landscapes in 1908 in a style later described by a critic as being made of ?little cubes,? thus leading to the term cubism. Some of their paintings are so similar that it is difficult to tell them apart. Working together between 1908 and 1911, they were concerned with breaking down and analyzing form, and together they developed the first phase of cubism, known as analytic cubism. Monochromatic color schemes were favored in their depictions of radically fragmented motifs, whose several sides wereShow MoreRelatedPablo Picasso s Influence On Art1612 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Through the years art has been regarded as a form of communication, emotion, a feeling or expression of ideas, by which we mean a person or convey something. This idea can be captured in a painting, sculpture or even through writing, which through their expressions disclose the most characteristic form of a culture. By century to century there has been many creative persons like writer, artist, composer who contributed to developmentRead MoreA New Brand Of Democracy886 Words   |  4 PagesDemiri 1Albulena DemiriProfessor FeldmanHUMN 110123 April 2016Pablo Picasso: Trailblazing ArtistIn 1907, less than a decade into the new century, the world was undergoing considerableand marked social upheaval. There was a desire for a new brand of democracy, where the people(especially women) wanted a greater say in how they were governed, but there were considerableefforts to try and maintain the status quo. Subsequently, the world seemed like it was in chaos.This sch izophrenic perspective is highlightedRead MorePablo Picasso : A Father Of Art1439 Words   |  6 PagesClint Stephens Prof. Patrick A. Green ART 1030: 12 22 October 2015 Pablo Picasso: A Father of Art In 1881 the world was blessed with a legend whose name and work would be known for hundreds of years. Pablo Ruiz Picasso was born a Spaniard on October 25, 1881 in Mà ¡laga to â€Å"Josà © Ruiz Blasco, a teacher of drawing at the School of Fine Arts and Crafts and curator of the local museum, and Maria Picasso y Lopez† (Charles 5). 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I will look at Picasso and Kandinsky to name a couple. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Expressionism, which began in 1905, was the term used for early 20th century art that conveyed emotional and spiritual preoccupations of the artist, using a variety of styles and subject matter (Arnason 124)Read More Pablo Picasso - His Life and His Art Essay1222 Words   |  5 PagesPablo Picasso - His Life and His Art Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, painter, sculptor, and printmaker, was born in Malaga Spain on October 25, 1881 and died on April 8, 1973.Today he is considered to be one of the most influential and successful artists in history. Picasso contributed many things to 19th century and modern day art and his name is familiar to all those involved in the many different fields of art. Throughout the seven decades that Picasso produced artwork he used many different types of mediaRead MoreThe Negative Influence of Visual Arts in Time of War Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesVisual arts have been around for many centuries. In fact, theses arts have dated back to the very beginning of civilization. They go back to the Paleolithic Age, when artists used cave paintings to express the feelings and emotions of people of this time era. These eye-pleasing pieces of art have been used in different ways throughout history. Art has been used to portray and bring out negative feelings towards war and other forms of political violence. The tactic of swaying people through art hasRead MorePablo Picasso : Art And The Most Successful Artist Of The 20th Century972 Words   |  4 Pages Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso once said â€Å"Everything you can imagine is real.† (PabloPicasso.Org). He was probably the most famous artist of the twentieth century. During his career, which lasted over seven decades, he created over twenty thousand paintings, sculptures, drawings, and ceramics using a wide variety of materials and several different themes. Picasso’s work depicts his personal feelings, as well as the outer world. He wasn t afraid to push limits of the human mind. His work has a majorRead MoreArtwork Analysis Pablo Picasso1433 Words   |  6 Pagesthe history of the artist Pablo Picasso and his famous painting of the Guernica. Artwork Analysis Report Pablo Picasso was born on October 25, 1881, in Malaga, Spain. His full name is Pablo Picasso’s gargantuan, his full name represents a variety of relatives and saints like â€Å" Pablo Diego, Josà © Francisco de Paula, Juan Nepomuceno, Marà ­a de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santà ­sima, Trinidad Martyr Patricio, Clito Ruà ­z y Picasso. Picassos mother was Doà ±a Maria Picasso y Lopez. His father

Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainability, And...

Executive Summary: The following business report will examine some critical concepts which apply to all businesses small or large more specifically to the company of Tata. This report will provide an in depth analysis and evaluation of the areas of corporate social responsibility, sustainability and approaches to managing culture and diversity of employment practices of the company. The methods used to analyse these key areas comprise of the textbook, a wide variety of articles, a quote and a youtube clip. Tata has been successful in the global world of business which helps other companies in learning techniques to help their businesses go global. In addition to this the report will conclude by identifying three specific ideas that an individual may consider implementing in the future as a manager. Introduction: The following report will look at the company Tata which was founded in 1868 by Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata. The purpose of this report is to research, analyse and synthesise Tata’s approach towards a range of key areas and present it as a written report. This report should include the sections of corporate social responsibility, sustainability and employment practices. Furthermore, this report will outline three specific approaches an individual may consider implementing in the future as a manager. Corporate Social Responsibility: Tata focuses highly on corporate responsibility which enables the corporation to be successful at various levels. 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It explores three different ways that companies engage their employees through CSR: a transactional approach, where programs are undertaken to meet the needs of employees who want to take part in the CSRRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility: Global Definition of Csr, Impact of Csr on Smes, Best Practices, and Strategies Could Be Implemented in Bangladesh.10265 Words   |  42 Pagesfor CSR solely because of its economic benefits - an ethical case must be made for companies taking responsibility for the impact of their relations with society and the environment, otherwise the foundations of CSR will be far too narrow. However, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming an increasingly significant category by which a company s reputation is evaluated. A variety of social and environmental issues across a broad spectrum of industries have recently been covered in the mediaRead MoreGuest Model of Hr4241 Words   |  17 Pagesindividual needs rather than the collective workforce * enables organizations to devolve power and become more flexible * Emphasizes people as an asset to be positively utilized by the organization. Guest (1987) sees HRM as a distinct approach to managing the workforce and argues that, although personnel management will also select and train staff, it is the distinct approach in the selection and training that matters. 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C) It requires intuitive judgments and educated guesses are required. 98) What includes the set of shared values, beliefs, attitudes, customs, norms, personalities, heroes and heroines that describe a firm? B) Culture 99) What tactic involves shifting focus from specific issues to more general ones? C) Generalization 100) Which tactic emphasizes that a successful outcome is more important than imposing the method of achieving it? D) Equifinality 101)

Employee Engagement for Environment - Praise - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEmployee Engagement for Environment, Praise and Support. Answer: Introduction: In the contemporary scenario noteworthy changes have been noticed in business including stiff competition as well as other business conditions. These issues have driven the business organisations to make significant changes. The idea of employee engagement is rather new. It is a common notion that majority of the employees of an organisation work for the pay which they are being provided. Thinking in such a manner, cannot be deemed correct as it is basically outdated and faulty. Several factors affect the engagement of employees including advancement, autonomy, civilized treatment, commitment towards employer, environment, praise, support, the feeling of working of an organisation, the feeling of working in a reliable organisation, considerations of being challenged and so on. Employee engagement is defined as an outcome of the way in which employees perceive their work, organisational leadership, the rewards and recognition received by them, communication and ethos of the organisation. It is also personified by the passion or energy which the employees have to give to their organisation in order to serve their customers suitably. It can also be explained as the extent to which the employees thrive at work, their degree of commitment to their employer and the level of their motivation to do their best for their own as well as their organisational benefit. Background: According to the employers the business world today is in dire need of much more competitive as well as productive workforce. This is to ensure the fact that the organisation stays ahead in terms of competition. This has led to the realisation among the employers that this goal can be achieved in case the focus is shifted on the employee engagement. It is not unknown that individuals devote more than their lifetimes one-third and around half of their entire day at work, thus indicating that work is the main part of an individuals being. Hence work is the best place to engage and inspire them in reaching their goals and also give meanings. History: Much before the term employee engagement existed, in the early 1990s, it was all about HR or personnel emphasis on the employee satisfaction. This disconnected view, was responsible for alienation of the employees support for the brand. This was also responsible for severing the connection which a potentially engaged employee could possess with the company. In the 2000s, the brands started to move closely for analysis of the relationships which they possess as a brand with their employees. It also includes the reduction of the effects of the brand and their marketing tactics. The increasing competitiveness was responsible for the company analysis of the factors responsible for making it successful. The companies also collect evidence on the employee engagement with organisational benefits of performance, profits, safeguarding and so on. The best levels of employee engagement are also ascertained in order to best utilize the marketing efforts (Shuck Herd, 2012). Arguments for and against: Employee expectation is discussed in many organisations at the time of recruitment in order to retain the employees to the organisation. In case this is done, future problems are not encountered by the organisation related to the employee inspiration towards this organisation. Employee engagement can be a severe problem in situations where employers do not enquire about the preferences of the employees and their vision with the organisation (Albrecht et al., 2015). There are arguments against employee engagement as well. Compensation being linked to employee engagement is in very rare cases. In cases when it is linked to the employees merit pay, bonus, salary, stock options and so on, then unnecessary problems are caused. It has also been argued that employee engagement is useless after four to five years. In certain cases it is said that employee engagement can be gamed as well. That is supposed to mean that the surveys can be inaccurate and this can lead to problems of the workplace. So employee engagement need not be done according to such theories (Anitha, 2014). Applicability: Employee engagement is applicable in organisations which indulge in intense competition and therefore always strive to be on the top. Therefore the levels of engagement need to be ensured such that the organisations can beat their competitors. In these organisations the proper care should be given to ensure that the employees have proper amount of motivation for the job (Wang Hsieh, 2013). Impact: Employee engagement assists the organisation in its growth as it motivates the employees in addition to providing them with incentives to work for the organisation (Shields et al., 2015). In case when employees understand the need in the company, there rises a tendency to work harder and in this situation the employee engagement comes. This situation leads to the recognition of their hard work and also leads to them receiving many rewards (Mone London, 2014). The impact of employee engagement is very well understood by the top organisations of the world. These companies realise that employee engagement is nothing but a force which drives the outcomes related to performance. In the most successful organisations, the principle of engagement is more than just an initiative of human resources. It is a strategic foundation for the ways and methodologies of doing business (Jose Mampilly, 2012). Examples: There are several ways to keep employees engaged in organisations. The old-fashioned suggestion boxes are bound to involve employees throughout the company. The boxes are brightly coloured to get the attention of the employees. The suggestions of the employees from the previous week will be read in the following week. This particular program encourages the employee involvement and attention to the information in the newsletter which further builds a mentality of working together as a team. Safety communities are also there which helps in increasing the importance and improving the productivity. The implementation of the safety communities at the business can assist the business and should also serve a one year term. There should be places for monthly safety meetings and members of management can also make safety suggestions (Dalal et al., 2012). Ideas campaign also helps in the involvement of the employees. The employees often come up with new ideas in order to help the business run smoothly. The engagement of the employees is ensured and increased as they have to make sure that their ideas are implemented properly. The picking program also helps employees in choosing the people they want to work with. There are employment programs which allow employees to choose the new people they want to work with. In such situations employee engagement is enhanced as their suggestions are given proper importance. Analysis of HR contributions: HR contributes to the employee engagement of an organisation on a significant level. Thus HR has several factors to consider. After hiring employees, HR has to ensure that the employees remain on board and also safeguard the culture of the organisation. They have to ensure that there is a continuous communication of the organisational values. This is valuable for the stakeholders and also for maintaining the feeling of belonging of the employees. The outstanding performance of the individuals also needs to be recognised as also the team performances. The performances should be rated, the regular performance related insights also need to be shared. The HR should make the key organisational metrics visible for motivational and transparency purposes. A culture of praise or recognition needs to be built for driving engagement as well as commitment. In the ideal scenario, the employees get praise from colleagues as well apart from the managers (Cole et al., 2012). The hiring procedure should be conducted by the HR based on the cultural fit of the organisation and also between the employees and the organisational culture. The prospective employees for an organisation need to be a cultural fit (Hewitt, 2012). Conclusion: The importance of engagement of employees is continuously increasing in different parts of the world. The world is ever altering and majority of markets are open due to globalisation. The nature of employers become more demanding day by day and hence the work life becomes more and more stressful. Organisations face tough competition and hence they need to be innovative. The employees capabilities need to be utilized by them in order to stay on top of their game and perform better overall. Thus employee participation and engagement is a perfect solution for both the employers as well as the employees. Human resource management needs to be considered as a strategic function of a particular organisation. It facilitates in building a competitive edge for any particular organisation by managing and understanding its employees in a positive way. There should be an appropriate style of leading from the front as also the establishment of a two-way communications with employees. This is bound to lead to the creation of an open as well as honest environment where employees feel valued as well as listened to and be involved in decision-making. It is more probable that involved employees feel proud of their organisation and also love to work for them. They also are more likely to believe in and live by the organisational values. References: Albrecht, S. L., Bakker, A. B., Gruman, J. A., Macey, W. H., Saks, A. M. (2015). Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach.Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance,2(1), 7-35. Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management. Cole, M. S., Walter, F., Bedeian, A. G., OBoyle, E. H. (2012). Job burnout and employee engagement: A meta-analytic examination of construct proliferation.Journal of management,38(5), 1550-1581. Dalal, R. S., Baysinger, M., Brummel, B. J., LeBreton, J. M. (2012). The relative importance of employee engagement, other job attitudes, and trait affect as predictors of job performance.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,42(S1). Hewitt, A. (2012). 2012 Trends in global employee Engagement.Aon Hewitt Corp, 18. Jose, G., Mampilly, S. R. (2012). Satisfaction with HR practices and employee engagement: A social exchange perspective.Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies,4(7), 423-430. Mone, E. M., London, M. (2014).Employee engagement through effective performance management: A practical guide for managers. Routledge. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Shuck, B., Herd, A. M. (2012). Employee engagement and leadership: Exploring the convergence of two frameworks and implications for leadership development in HRD.Human resource development review,11(2), 156-181. Wang, D. S., Hsieh, C. C. (2013). The effect of authentic leadership on employee trust and employee engagement.Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal,41(4), 613-624.

The Boisphere Essays - Ecology, Greenhouse Gases, Systems Ecology

The Boisphere The Biosphere: The biosphere is part of the earth in which life exists. It is 20 km thick from the bottom of the ocean to the lower atmosphere. It consists of three layers: the lithosphere, which is the land on the surface of the earth; the hydrosphere, which comprises of the water on the earth as well as water vapor in the air; and the atmosphere, which is made up of the air that surrounds the earth. The living organisms in the biosphere interact and affect each other in many ways. This is called a biotic factor. Similarly, there are non-living elements that have an effect on living organisms, these are considered abiotic factors. Examples of abiotic factors are air, temperature, water, soil, light, and minerals. In a biosphere, organisms live in special groupings. For instance, a population consists of all individuals of a species living in a general area. A community is a population located in a certain area living among different species. An ecosystem is yet a larger conglomeration of a population, a community, and abiotic factors. Ecosystems can be aquatic or terrestrial. The earth's aquatic ecosystem makes up about 75% of the earth's surface. This aquatic environment is divided into marine and freshwater environments. The earth's terrestrial ecosystem is mainly made up of forests and deserts, which make up for 25% of the earth's surface. The role or function of an organism in a community is that organism's niche. An organism's niche is an area picked by that organism based on physical factors such as temperature, light, oxygen and carbon dioxide content and biological factors such as food, competition for resources and predators. This niche provides the organism a place to live in. A habitat remains consistent with an organism's niche as well as provides the organism with a place to reproduce. In this case, organisms may have the same habitat, but different niches. There are three types of relationships involving the interactions between organisms. They are mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Mutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from their interaction with each other. An example is the honey bee and a flowering plant. Commensalism only benefits one organism, but the other organism is not affected. Parasitism only benefits one organism and harms the other organism, which most of the time is the host. In the ecosystem, matter and nutrients are cycled via biogeochemical cycles such as water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and phosphorous. The burning of fossil fuels contributes to the industrial cycle of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This contributes to the greenhouse effect, which has been a reason for global warming. Nitrogen is found in the atmosphere and makes up about 78% of the earth's air mixture. Oxygen makes up about 22% of the earth's air mixture, and pollutants make up about 1% of the earth's air mixture. Nitrogen is important in the development of organisms on earth, as the make compounds such as proteins and amino acid. These compounds are important because they make up DNA and other compounds crucial to the formation and sustenance of life. Changes in an ecosystem are brought about by different factors. For example, ecological succession brings about the replacement of one community by another in an ecosystem. In other instances, organisms that colonize an area with no community present are considered pioneer organisms. A climax community is the final stage of development of organisms and can be disrupted by a major catastrophe like a volcanic eruption. Science

Religion In North American Towns Essays - Mormon Studies, Mormon War

Religion In North American Towns Religion has played a vital role in the settling of many pre-industrial North American towns and cities. In fact, religion proved to be one of the main reasons Europeans broke their affiliation with the dictatorial and the monarchial rule in Europe and came to settle the Americas. Generally, these particular religious settlers incorporated town-planning ideas developed in Europe and translated them into their particular beliefs. However, some specific and influential settlers broke away from the norm in a progressive attempt to invent new societies in a new land based on accumulated knowledge. John Reps, the pre-eminent American historian on town planning has this to say about those who strayed from the common ideals. "Almost from the beginning of settlement, America attracted a variety of reformers, utopians, and pariah religious sects. These dedicated... groups shunned existing cities with their temptations and distractions, preferring to create settlements in harmony with their religious, economic, or social convictions." In this paper, I will analyze and compare the influence of two different religions in the settling of their respective towns. The first will be The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also known as the Mormons, and the second is the Church of the United Brethren, also known as the Moravians. THE MORMON MISSION The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian religion that came into existence during the early 19th-century American movement of religious revivalism called the Second Great Awakening. Officially, Joseph Smith, who is recognized as a prophet in modern Mormon teachings, founded the church in 1830 after he said that God had spoken to him. In that same year, he organized his first followers in New York. From that point on, as they marched westward, he experimented in building towns that revolved around "...order, unity, and community." These values were viewed as supreme in the prophet's ideal society, and these same values were at odds with values that were characteristic of many cities and towns already existing in America at that time. It is said that his aim was to realize the Christian commonwealth that had been the ideal of John Winthrop in Puritan New England. According to one account, Winthrop at one time had said to the colonists, "Wee must be knit together in this work as one man." This one statement seems to provide the basis of Smith's convictions when he set out to form new towns in hopes of turning people on to his religion. The Law of Consecration and Stewardship was outlined by Joseph Smith in 1831, and marked the beginning of Mormon ?communitarianism.' This law "...was a prescription for transforming the highly individualistic economic order of Jacksonian America into a system characterized by economic equality, socialization of surplus incomes, freedom of enterprise, and group economic self-sufficiency." Basically, what this meant was that all members of the church and hereafter, the community, would deed all of his/her property to the bishop of the church. On top of this, the community was to farm and cultivate the land together and share equally the crops. In turn, the bishop would appropriate these assets out based on the need of an individual or family residing within the community. Doctrines of the church such as these held a paralleled relationship to the planning of the towns. By early 1831, Joseph Smith and his following had moved west to Kirtland, Ohio. Kirtland was an ideal spot for Americans seeking prosperity given its ripe location for trade as well as agriculture. The land in Ohio had richer soil than that found along the Atlantic coast, and the climate was much milder. A good reason for this can be attributed to Ohio's gentle topography. This was beneficial to the Mormon people who relied on farming and trade. The location was in close proximity to both Lake Erie, which provided the transportation to the East, and the Ohio Canal, which connected to the Ohio River and hence the entire Mississippi River system. The Mormons however did not take full advantage of this beneficial location for settlement, as they left after only a short period of time. Kirtland was a settlement where many firsts occurred in the Mormon religion, and it was a settlement that would aid Mormons in molding future settlements. The House of the Lord, also referred to as the Kirtland Temple, was the first major permanent structure for worship built by the Mormons, and it served as a pattern that was to be followed by future designs of churches in Mormon settlements. The temple served dual

Racial diversity in The United States

Racial diversity in The United States Introduction The United States have witnessed tremendous changes and developments in its racial and ethnic composition in the last three centuries owing to factors such as colonization, immigration and more recently the economic globalization.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Racial diversity in The United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the world has experienced massive integration over the years, the United States remains the only country where the bulk of the integration has occurred. More importantly, the racial diversity has become a common determinant in the business environment with major implications on economic fortunes of locally and foreign based companies. The success of integration of immigrants is believed to influence the market dynamic and consumer expectations. In addition, integration of races has elicited much debate among racial sociologists with some supporting heterogene ity while others are keen on the homogenization of all races to form an American culture. This research paper will offer the differing perspectives of the melting pot and the salad bowl images in interracial relations. The paper will provide a brief description of the two metaphors and relate them to appropriate theories of relations before discussing their strengths and limitations. To start with, it is imperative to define the two metaphors in order to have a clear picture of what they represent in the American society. The salad bowl is a concept widely used to denote the successful incorporation of divergent and differing cultural values and norms in a different setting such as the United States. Although some form of integration occurs in the society, the specific cultures do not overly merge to form a homogenous culture, but retain their distinct values. On the other hand, the melting point has been regularly been used to bring out the tendency of a society losing its heteroge neity of cultures thereby embracing a common and homogenous cultural concept. The assimilation of the cultural diversity occasioned by massive influx of immigrants to the United States in the later stages of 18th century is a good example of the melting pot concept (Yitzhaki Schechtman, 2009, p. 140).Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More American culture from 18th to early 20th century can be explained through the melting pot concept owing to the fact that major developments and realignments on socio-economic and political dynamic occurred during this period. The concept has been widely been regarded as among the pillars that helps the American people enjoy much success in social and economic circles. Taking into consideration that America has its origin in immigration, the massive influx of foreigners from Europe pitched camp in the United States thereby settin g a foundation of the American culture. The arrival of the Africans and Latinos as slaves followed by the Hispanics brought a rich cultural mix (Henderson, 2009, p. 11). Although interracial relations were limited owing to stereotyping and legal challenges, considerable merger of the culture occurred in the early years of immigration buoyed by the close relationships that formed between the employers, farmers, slaves and the tradesmen. Although segregation based on ethnicity and economic might was prevalent, integration gained momentum in the years after American independence especially in major cities such as New York (White, 1989, p. 28). The interaction of the different ethnic groups within the various neighborhoods and in the workplaces increased the speed of assimilation of cultural diversity to form a distinct and dynamic American culture. Rosaldo (1994, p. 405) asserted that assimilation started at the lowest level where a lot of social mobility is observed and improved as th e immigrants improved their social status. Increasing discontent by the opponents in the first half of 20th century fuelled by inequalities in the social environment resulted in the embracement of the salad bowl. The legalization of interracial marriages took effect in 1967 and the enactment of the immigration Act of 1q965 meant that an increasingly number of immigrants entered the country thereby imparting negatively on their integration in the American culture. The desire of the minority groups from Asia and Latin America to retain their identity and heritage meant an end to the homogeneity of the American society thereby resulting in the wide application of the salad bowl concept (Henderson, 2009, p. 23).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Racial diversity in The United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, America enjoys the most dynamic culture with almost all aspects of its socio-economic st ructures having a well balanced representation brought about by political and social changes of the preceding decades. A walk through the streets of major cities reveals a huge presence of Hispanics and African Americans in addition to the Asians and blacks which has made America to be regarded as a land where plurality of races. In view of the above, the melting pot has been widely used to refer to the act where all immigrants are introduced into the large pot, which is America, and are assimilated gradually just like the components of the pot melt away to form a common item. The act of melting down of cultural beliefs to embrace the American model is widely observed in language, dressing and lifestyle. In contrast, the salad bowl offers a current representation of the American society (Banton, 1998, p. 54). The salad bowl consists of several ingredients that bring their unique tastes and flavors. It is worth noting that an increase in the ingredients commensurate to a rich and oft en tasty salad. The presence of the ingredients as entities is imperative to achieve the delicacy of the salad. Likewise, America is allowing large numbers of immigrants into its territory each year thereby resulting in influx of a variety of cultures. The upsurge of immigrants in the last few decades meant the segregation of the newcomers, who in turn delved to retain their identities, hence forming a mosaic type of scenario. This has led to the emergence of distinctive ethnic enclaves that are bound by the American vision thus forming a whole entity, just like in the salad (LeMay, 2008). Proponents of multiculturalism have been in the forefront in championing the salad bowl due to their desire for the society to retain the diversity offered b y this concept. On the other hand, the melting pot has played a major role in uniting people of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds thereby making it popular in places experiencing conflict. The melting pot is therefore associated with assimilation whereby the larger society is protected from receiving undue influence from the some cultures. Therefore, melting pot is associated with assimilation while the salad bowl is close to the theories of multiculturalism (Aguirre Jr. Turner, 2008, p. 65). In addition, melting pot has lost relevance in America owing to changes in social dynamic s and technological advancements although it still holds clout in other countries where cohesion among different ethnic populations is needed to ensure stability. In contrast, salad bowl has become a modern day concept that allows retention of cultural diversity in the society thereby creating more avenues of influencing the social economic dynamics.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Theories of racial relations Theories of racial relations have continually served to shed light on the different perspectives of the melting pot and salad bowl. In fact, they offer a systematic approach that enhances the understanding of the holistic study of races in relation to the social environment particularly with regard to concerns over discrimination and conflicts. Assimilation theories have been widely utilized to expound on the concepts behind the melting pot in interracial relations. Park (1930, p. 183) asserted in his theory that the immigrants make an initial contact with the larger society, similarly to introduction to the large pot. Close interaction occurs during the first few months and years before a competitive phase ensues whereby the ethnic populations are often faced with dwindling resources and opportunities resulting in stiff competition. Scarcity of employment opportunities and social amenities brings about discontent between the two competing sides to an ex tent where ethnic conflict occur (Kivisto, 2004, p. 76). In addition, the immigrants are entirely blamed for the social problems by the larger society thus providing more time for interaction whereby learning of each other ways take place (Aguirre Jr. Turner, 2008). In comparison to the components of the melting pot, the immigrants together with their descendants surrender and start learning the norms of their new environment thereby improving their relations with their other races. Incorporation in joint ventures is achieved when close interaction occurs at workplaces and social activities resulting into sharing of cultural values. In tandem with the melting pot concept, the merger of the two cultural entities led to the invention of a distinct cultural identity (LeMay, 2008). It is worth noting that the assimilation process is effective only when conducive predisposing factors that promote interaction of the various ethnic populations. However, the assumption that assimilation is a relentless process while failing to explain the impact of the discriminatory forces makes the theory’s premise weak (Yitzhaki Schechtman, 2009, p. 148). The embracement of salad bowl in mid 20th century provided a good basis on which the population dynamics could be explained. The salad bowl concepts shares similarities with the pluralism theories due to their assertion of retention of distinct identities in advent of social pressures to homogenize. The pluralism theory champions the preservation of cultural and organizational structures while maintaining the behavioral characteristics as a form of curtailing discriminatory efforts towards a certain group. In tandem with the contents of the salad bowl, pluralism theory is concerned with the perpetuation of the ethnic identities hence creating a pluralistic society that is unique due to its mosaic nature (LeMay, 2008). Pluralism theory realizes the inevitability of change thereby creating avenues of minimal adjustments in the cultural values with the sole aim of shielding the small populations from discrimination. While minimal deviation from the norms is advised, the theory asserts that retention of elements that denote the ethnic heritage should always precedence at all times. More importantly, the theory supports the view that heterogeneity and diversity offers better prospects in terms of development of cultural values (Spiro, 1955, p. 1234). Despite serving to complement the salad bowel, pluralism theory is criticized for failing to take into consideration the broader social forces that perpetuate discrimination; its explanation is premised on ethno genesis. Strengths and limitations The melting pot set the foundation of the formation of an American culture that has unified the people irrespective of the differing demographic variables. The cultural assimilation concept involving all the ethnic identities ensures the resulting cultural dispensation receives wide acceptance from the masses (Yitzh aki Schechtman, 2009, p. 143). However, the concept fails to take into account the implications of the disparities between the various ethnic populations in terms of economic power and numbers. Although cultural assimilation occurs, a high tendency of segregation and homogeneity has been observed based on ethnic origin. It is not uncommon to find distinct neighborhoods habited by a certain ethnic population, and such examples are evident in majority of the cities. In addition, the skewed distribution of new immigrants in terms of settlement denotes impediments to the overall integration of the American society at social, cultural and economic levels while taking into account the existence of ethnic poverty and dispersion (Yitzhaki Schechtman, 2009, p. 143). Empowerment of the minority groups is acknowledged by the salad bowl where they are provided with an opportunity to preserve their identities as a way of cushioning themselves from discrimination. More importantly, improved liv ing and relations within and without the cultural ethnic enclave is efficient owing to the mutual respect developed amongst the populations. However, the tendency of manipulating the supportive environment through legislative or social changes aimed at disadvantaging a certain group is rife. Loss of diversity and eventual demise of variety through exposing the minority groups would exacerbate the situation thereby rendering them vulnerable to massive challenges in the society (White, 1989, p. 89). Conclusion Taking into the variations in the ethnic populations of the immigrants, the eventual integration in the American way of life has become a difficult task. While opposing views exist between the two concepts, their success in improving interracial relations has proved a success story. However, the holistic and unpredictable nature of the American socio, economic and political environment has eroded some achievements leading to fragmentation of the society at the local level. Moreo ver, manipulation of the balancing mechanisms would water down the fruits of salad bowl and melting pot. It is therefore imperative for the American people to remain vigilant in ensuring the premises behind the two models are retained thus ensuring peaceful coexistence and improved interracial relations. Reference List Aguirre Jr., A. Turner, J. (2008). American Ethnicity: The Dynamics and Consequences of Discrimination. New Jersey: McGraw. Banton, M. (1998). Racial Theories. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. Henderson, S. (2009). Aspects of American History. New York: Prentice Hall. Kivisto, P. (2004). What Is The Canonical Theory Of Assimilation? Robert E. Park and His Predecessors. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 40(2), 149–163. LeMay, M. (2008).The Perennial Struggle: race, ethnicity, and minority group relations in the United States. New Jersey: McGraw. Park, R. E. (1930). Assimilation, social. In E. R. A. Seligman A. Johnson (Eds.), Encyclopedi a of the social sciences (pp. 281–283). New York: Macmillan Company. Rosaldo, R. (1994). Cultural Citizenship and Educational Democracy. Cultural Anthropology, 9(3), 402-411. Spiro, M. (1955). The Acculturation of American Ethnic Groups. American Anthropologist, 57(6), 1240-1252. White, S. (1989). A Question of Style: Blacks in and around New York City in the Late 18th Century. The Journal of American Folklore, 102(403), 23-44. Yitzhaki, S. Schechtman, E. (2009). The â€Å"Melting Pot†: A Success Story? Journal of Economic Inequality, 7(2), 137-151.

Friedman and Hayek's neo-liberal political economy Research Paper

Friedman and Hayek's neo-liberal political economy - Research Paper Example If the delivery of mail is a technical monopoly, no one else will be able to succeed in competition with the government. If it is not, there is no reason why the government should be engaged in it. The only way to find out is to leave other people free to enter. (Friedman 1982, p. 29) He therefore disapproves of the idea of the government monopolizing many fields where the private sectors would be able to participate in. Where there is an involvement by the government, because it is necessary, then it should be a legal monopoly, whereby the private sector is prohibited by the law to participate. Hayek Friedrich von Hayek and The neo-liberal political theory Hayek, while continuing with Adam Smith’s liberal traditions, comes to define the concept of minimal state. The most vital contributions include the radical opposition to social justice system which in his opinion disguises the defending of the middle class’ corporate interest. It promotes the complete removal of eco nomic and public social intervention. The idea of the minimal state was just a means of breaking away from middle class’ power which was known to be controlling the democratic processes with an intention of using the public treasury to redistribute wealth. Hayek’s views on neo-political economy as presented in the constitution of liberty (Hayek 1960) and advocates for elimination of ruling, privatization, elimination of housing, fighting of unemployment through the limitation of the number of programs, , reduction of the total social security expenditures, subsidies and rent control and lastly to remove the power of the trade unions. Redistribution cannot be ensured by the state to serve social justice system. Its function is to provide the legal means that... This paper illustrates both Hayek and Milton Friedman defend neo-liberal economy on grounds that it is rational and an inherently free way that people may relate to one another, by removing undue obstacles that the state often imposes on the exchange of goods and services. Neoliberal political economic theory therefore goes beyond identification of the market as a mere place for production of goods and services but as a place that is tangential top the interaction of people. This conception of market economy issues being closely intertwined with socio-moral issues and social relations have equally been raised by the classical liberal theorist. Robins, for instance, stresses the value of inherent morality that underlies ensuring free exchange in the market. He asserts that the ultimate value of liberal political economy is liberty, and not just the market or private ownership. Liberty is very important to the society, in order that every member of the society may be in a position to o ptimize his or her social contribution. When the government gets too much into controlling the private individuals, their optimal contributions will be greatly minimized by the systematic obstacles that the state put in place, such as limitation as to quotas, quantity of exports, price fixing and so on. Such erosion of liberty in the manner an individual deals with one’s products in the market would be a great disincentive to the spirit of enthusiasm, which sustains production.